Harry Ransom CenterThe University of Texas at Austin

Literature

Manuscripts, annotated typescripts, corrected proofs and galleys, notes, correspondence, diaries, and volumes from the personal libraries of many of the most important twentieth-century authors of North America, Great Britain, and France are the Ransom Center's special strength. In addition, printed volumes in first and subsequent editions, as well as variants, translations, abridgements, adaptations, and bibliographical, biographical, and critical works provide a basis for the study of most of the Center's original materials.

American Literature

Early Writers (pre-1800)

Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810), considered the father of the American novel, is represented by manuscript prose and poetry pieces, mathematical calculations, notes and architectural drawings, and correspondence, including thirty-seven letters to his wife, Elizabeth (Linn) Brown.

Among the early works of African-American literature in the Ransom Center's printed book collections are Phillis Wheatley's (1753-1784) Poems, the first published book of poetry by an African-American female author (1773), and William Wells Brown's (1815-1884) The Escape, the first published play by an African-American (1858).

Books from the Colonial and Revolutionary periods, as well as rare pamphlets, posters, and ephemeral items are part of the John W. Jackson Collection.

Nineteenth-Century Writers

The life and work of Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) can be studied in this archive of printed works, twenty-five manuscripts for poems, stories, and essays, nearly one hundred letters, and an extensive body of manuscripts and letters from Poe's relatives, friends, editors, translators, and biographers.

Early manuscripts and several letters by Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) provide important details of the life of this New England writer.

Materials for the study of the work of Walt Whitman (1819-1892) include one hundred seventy-eight manuscripts for poems and essays, among which are notes, drafts, and rejected pages for twenty-one poems from Leaves of Grass.

A comprehensive collection of books by Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens, 1835-1910) is complemented by correspondence and several unpublished manuscripts, as well as books from his family library.

Notable nineteenth-century editions of African-American writing include narratives by Mary Prince (ca. 1788-1833), Frederick Douglass (1818-1895), Harriet Ann Davis (1813-1897), and other former slaves. There are also small holdings of letters by and addressed to several late nineteenth- and early 20th-century figures such as Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872-1906) and Booker T. Washington (1856-1915).

The collection of Henry James (1843-1916) material centers on his years of activity in the British theater, beginning in 1886 with letters to Elizabeth Robins and to Florence Bell, wife of Sir Hugh Bell and an interested critic of James's theatrical attempts.

Among materials by Chicago newspaper columnist Eugene Field (1850-1895) is his illustrated manuscript of "Wynken, Blynken, and Nod."

Twentieth-Century Prose Writers

More than three hundred letters written by novelist Edith Wharton (1862-1937) to Morton Fullerton, American journalist, confirm the love affair between the two, first suggested by Wharton's biographer R. W. B. Lewis, who later edited a selected number.

The Center has a large archive of the manuscripts and correspondence of the once popular novelist Joseph Hergesheimer (1880-1954), whose work was published by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., and who was a contemporary and friend of H. L. Mencken.

The typescript for Sinclair Lewis's novel Main Street is accompanied by a ninety-three-page "Memory Book" of original poems and drawings made by Lewis (1885-1951) for his wife Grace Hegger, as well as volumes of Lewis's published work, photographic albums, and letters.

The life and work of Thomas B. Costain (1885-1965), the Canadian-American historical novelist, is represented by a large correspondence and manuscripts of all of his major novels including his Plantagenets series.

The archive of Christopher Morley (1890-1957) houses practically all of the writings from his long and varied career, voluminous correspondence, first editions and inscribed copies of his published works, photograph albums, scrapbooks, personal memorabilia, and volumes from Morley's library.

Items relating to Evelyn Scott (1893-1963) include a collection of typescripts, correspondence, and photographs. Her papers are complemented by those of the Henry E. Turlington Collection of Cyril Kay-Scott and Evelyn Scott materials and the John Metcalfe Collection.

Among the one hundred thirty-seven manuscripts by William Faulkner (1897-1962) are the handwritten draft and corrected galley proofs of Absalom, Absalom!, manuscript books produced by Faulkner (ca. 1916), illustrated with pen-and-ink drawings, and letters to his parents. The Carvel Collins Collection contains biographical materials on Faulkner's life and career.

Manuscript materials for twelve books by Edward Dahlberg (1900-1977), critic, essayist, novelist, and poet, include versions of his autobiography Because I Was Flesh and are housed with an extensive correspondence file.

Among manuscript materials by John Steinbeck (1902-1968) are the manuscript for East of Eden with a concurrent daily journal, a similar journal for The Grapes of Wrath, and notebooks containing versions of Tortilla Flat and The Pearl. Steinbeck's correspondence files contain over three hundred sixty letters (1937-1964) to editor and friend Pascal Covici.

Benjamin Appel's (1907-1977) papers include manuscripts for his best-known novel, Brain Guy (1934), as well as short stories, plays, works of conventional fiction, science fiction, non-fiction, and works for children. The archive also contains correspondence and material relating to his friend Ben Shahn.

The archive of writer and amateur photographer Sanora Babb (1907-2005) includes her WPA work among the displaced in Depression-era California. (See also Photography.)

Manuscripts for thirteen novels by Frederic Prokosch (1908-1989), several never published, are present along with volumes from his personal library.

The papers of Texas-born Alma Stone (b. 1908) include manuscripts for her novels and many unpublished short stories, as well as correspondence and family photographs.

Autograph manuscripts by James Agee (1909-1955) include A Death in the Family, as well as screenplays for The African Queen and other movies. The manuscript for his collaborative work with Walker Evans (1903-1975), Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, is here along with a complete set of Evans's original photographs for the second edition, many unpublished images of Southern tenant farmers in the 1930s, and over forty letters from Agee to Evans.

The collection of Paul Bowles (1910-1999) includes juvenilia, notebooks, an early version of The Sheltering Sky, fifty-seven of his musical compositions, photographs of his travels in Morocco, and a large collection of letters.

The complete archive of Jerome Weidman (1913-1998) contains manuscripts for novels, plays, stories, articles, and television scripts. Among the items in the extensive collection are the writer's diaries, a large collection of correspondence, and books from the author's library.

Manuscripts by and relating to Bernard Malamud (1914-1986) include notebooks, materials from his only editor, Robert Giroux, typescripts and galleys for various works, materials related to Malamud's induction into the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and business files and correspondence between Malamud and his literary agents at Russell & Volkening. The galley proofs for Ralph Ellison's (1914-1994) The Invisible Man are here, along with manuscripts of several articles and letters.

The large archive of William Goyen (1915-1983) includes notebooks, manuscripts for over one hundred fifty works, including his celebrated novel The House of Breath, and extensive correspondences with Margo Jones, Dorothy Brett, Katherine Anne Porter, and Frieda Lawrence.

Seven boxes of creative works, correspondence, printed material, articles, and photographs represent Elizabeth Hardwick's (b. 1916) life and career, offering an almost complete archive of her published works. Of particular interest are the manuscript drafts of her 1979 novel Sleepless Nights. Personal materials document Hardwick's life, activities, friendships, and her relationship with her husband, Robert Lowell.

Carson McCullers (1917-1967) is represented by manuscript materials for one hundred six works, including novels, plays, short stories, and poetry, as well as by stage and screen adaptations. A large correspondence is complemented by over one thousand photographs of the writer, her family, and friends, and screen personalities involved in the filming of the adaptations of her novels.

Materials by Jane Bowles (1917-1973) include drafts of her play In the Summer House and Millicent Dillon's research archives for her biography and edition of Bowles' letters.

The archive of best-selling novelist Kathleen Winsor (1919-2003) includes corrected typescripts for Forever Amber, Star Money, and The Lovers. Galleys and research materials include numerous holograph research notebooks.

The collection of author James Jones (1921-1977) includes manuscripts for all but one of his novels, including From Here to Eternity, extensive correspondence files, and personal documents. (See also American Studies.)

Among the papers of American critic Hugh Kenner (1923-2003) are manuscripts of his critical works, including the seminal The Pound Era, and important correspondence with such modern American writers as Ezra Pound, Louis Zukofsky, William Carlos Williams, and Guy Davenport.

The Norman Mailer (b. 1923) archive contains materials associated with every one of Mailer's literary projects, whether completed or not, from the mid-1930s to the present, as well as a substantial number of first editions and foreign editions of Mailer's books, books used for research and some books given to Mailer by other authors. Ten thousand of Mailer's letters, including his wartime letters to his family, personal and business correspondence, and the originals of letters sent to him from American writers, notables and three generations of readers are in the archive. Correspondents include Allen Ginsberg, Lillian Hellman, Aldous Huxley, Truman Capote, Stella Adler, LeRoi Jones, John Lennon and Larry McMurtry, among many other important American literary figures.

The work of novelist and playwright James Purdy (b. 1923) is represented by manuscripts for eighty-two works including novels, stories, poems, and plays; a large collection of letters; photographs; and more than two hundred books from the author's library.

The collection of manuscripts by James Baldwin (1924-1987) includes several versions of his novel Another Country and galley proofs for Going to Meet the Man and Tell Me How Long the Train's Been Gone. For the post-World War II period, the manuscript collections include variant manuscripts for Baldwin's Another Country, proofs for two other novels by him, and publicity materials in the Knopf archive relating to Go Tell It on the Mountain. Richard Wright, Imamu Amiri Baraka, Sterling Brown, Chester Himes, and Ralph Ellison are represented by small collections of their manuscripts.

The novelist William Humphrey's (1924-1997) archive contains manuscripts for Home from the Hill, The Ordways, No Resting Place, and My Moby Dick, along with correspondence and photographs.

Most of the novels of best-selling author Leon Uris (1924-2003), with the exception of The Haj and Mitla Pass, are represented in the collection which consists of typescript drafts, research material, fan mail, and reviews, all ranging in date from 1953 to 1981. Also included are family photographs, work-related correspondence, and legal documents relating to Uris's involvement in various lawsuits.

The Center has an extensive collection of corrected typescripts, holograph notebooks, galleys, page proofs, scrapbooks, correspondence, slides, photographs, magazine articles, reviews, and notes for Peter Matthiessen (b. 1927). Major works include At Play in the Fields of the Lord, Far Tortuga, and Killing Mister Watson.

Guy Davenport (1927-2005) achieved distinction as an American writer, academic, critic, painter, and translator. His complete archive includes manuscripts as well as correspondence with Ezra Pound, Hugh Kenner, James Laughlin, Thomas Berger, and Louis Zukofsky. The Center also acquired Davenport's library and a collection of his paintings.

A growing collection of the papers of Shelby Hearon (b. 1931) highlights her writing career, with manuscripts, galley proofs, research materials, notes, correspondence, clippings, photographs, and other printed material. The papers contain research notes, manuscripts, and promotional files for all of Hearon's books published between 1968 and 1994, as well as working files that contain a broad assortment of material pertaining to other aspects of Hearon's writing. Additional materials can be found in the archive of Hearon's publisher, Alfred A. Knopf. (See Publishing.)

Ron Sukenick (b. 1932), novelist, editor, and co-founder of American Book Review (1977), and the Fiction Collective (now FC2/Black Ice Books), has correspondence, manuscripts, galleys, literary publications, reviews, and career-related material in his collection.

Novelist, biographer, and scriptwriter Diane Johnson's (b. 1934) papers contain manuscripts, galleys, proofs, correspondence, magazine and newspaper articles, essays, reviews, and material relating to her screenplay for Stanley Kubrick's film of Stephen King's The Shining.

The holdings for Larry McMurtry (b. 1936) include three drafts of his first novel, Horseman, Pass By, the first dated 1958. Also present are the correspondence files of his agent, Dorothea Oppenheimer, spanning the years 1960-1974.

Novelist Don DeLillo's (b. 1936) complete archive includes manuscripts, notes, research materials, and proofs for most of his novels, including Libra, Underworld, and White Noise, as well as thirteen of his shorter fiction works and various nonfiction pieces. DeLillo's extensive personal and professional correspondence covers the period from 1959 to 2003.

The papers of Lynn Luria-Sukenick (b. 1937) include drafts of her short stories and poems.

A corrected typescript of V., the first novel of Thomas Pynchon (b. 1937), containing one hundred excised pages, is accompanied by eight rare personal letters from a young Pynchon to two close friends in the 1960s. The archive also contains early notes, outlines, and drafts for an unproduced musical, "Minstrel Island," on which Pynchon and J. Kirkpatrick Sale collaborated in the spring of 1958.

The fictionist Jay Neugeboren (b. 1938), who works in the tradition of American Jewish naturalism, is represented by material for his published and unpublished novels, short stories, and essays, as well as screenplays, journals, correspondence, and financial records.

The archive of espionage writer Alan Furst (b. 1941) includes drafts, research notes, unpublished chapters about the 1945 fall of Berlin, two screenplays, essays, poems, book reviews and stories. Literary and personal correspondence and career-related material are also included. The collection contains material from all of Furst's novels, including the acclaimed Dark Star and The Polish Officer. Also present is material for The Book of Spies, an anthology of literary espionage for the Modern Library edited by Furst.

The papers of Michael Mewshaw (b. 1943) include manuscripts for Ladies of the Court and True Crime, as well as other works, contracts, and draft articles. Correspondence is from friends, fans, authors, poets, agents, and publishers.

Michael Joyce (b. 1945) is a pioneer writer in the field of hypertext fiction, a computer-based form of storytelling in which the reader can make choices that change the course of the story. His archive includes computer and paper files, computer equipment, and disks.

Twentieth-Century Poets

The life and work of Edgar Lee Masters (1868-1950) is represented by manuscript materials for Across Spoon River and hundreds of other works, as well as by an immense correspondence collection. Volumes from his personal library, many carrying his marginal notes, number thirteen hundred.

Materials relating to William Carlos Williams (1883-1963) include an annotated typescript of his story collection Life along the Passaic River and a group of letters between the poet and Julian Beck regarding the performance of Williams's play Many Loves.

Among the manuscripts of Ezra Pound (1885-1972) are one hundred twenty separately titled works including Cantos 112-117, along with articles, essays, and broadcasts. Over two thousand letters written from 1912 to 1960 include a large correspondence with Dallam Simpson, Pound's secretary (1946-1950); Pound's associate Noel Stock; and poet Louis Zukofsky. A portion of Pound's personal library is held at the Center, with many of the seven hundred volumes containing Pound's extensive annotations. Related materials can be found in the John Rodker (1894-1955) archive, including the printer's typescript and page proofs for Hugh Selwyn Mauberley, both with Pound's pencil and ink emendations, revisions, and notes. The book was published by Rodker's Ovid Press in 1920.

Manuscripts for three hundred forty-two works by Robinson Jeffers (1887-1962), mostly individual poems, are augmented by an extensive correspondence with friends and publishers, materials from Tor House, photographs, personal memorabilia, books from the poet's personal library, and diaries kept by his wife, Una Jeffers (1884-1950).

T. S. Eliot (1888-1965) is represented by manuscript materials for thirty works, including scripts on well-known literary figures prepared by the poet for radio broadcast, nearly fifteen hundred letters, and a comprehensive collection of printed books, as well as books from Eliot's library.

Manuscripts of E. E. Cummings (1894-1962) relate largely to his childhood and student years, and include class notes, examinations, and poems written between 1902 and 1914. Correspondence from later years is collected with the bulk of Cummings's working library (twenty-seven hundred volumes; many heavily annotated) and three hundred of his original works of art, ranging from rapid pencil sketches to fully-executed landscape paintings and portraits.

The collection of the papers of Ogden Nash (1902-1971) includes over fifteen hundred manuscript pages, as well as over seven hundred letters, the majority of which Nash wrote to his wife Frances.

Manuscripts by Louis Zukofsky (1904-1978) include poems, novels, short stories, plays, works of criticism, essays, reviews, and translations. Zukofsky's epic-length poem A can be traced from earliest notes dated 1922 through the final draft. Letters to Zukofsky from Objectivist poets and friends, notably William Carlos Williams and Lorine Niedecker, number nearly three thousand. Volumes from the poet's library, source material for much of his poetic and critical writing, offer opportunities for a more complete understanding of his work.

The papers of poet, critic, novelist and publisher Stanley Burnshaw (1906-2005) contain notes, outlines, manuscripts of his work and correspondence with writers, poets, critics, editors, friends, and academics, spanning the years 1927-1987. Burnshaw's post-1945 poetry, translations, and criticism are particularly well represented, with extensive files for The Poem Itself, Robert Frost Himself, The Seamless Web, and The Refusers: An Epic of the Jews. Burnshaw's creative processes can be followed through the extensive notes, correspondence, and research information he kept for each of his projects, and throughout his correspondence files, personal papers, and business files for his work as an editor and publisher.

The extensive papers of Karl Shapiro (1913-2000) document his life and career through manuscript works and correspondence. In addition, the archive includes lecture and teaching files, collected poems, notebooks, and works such as Edsel, The Gypsy and the Jew, Reports of My Death, and The Younger Son. Also documented is Shapiro's military service, his time at the Library of Congress as consultant in poetry (1947-48), his teaching career, his editorships of Poetry and Prairie Schooner, and his numerous fellowships and awards, including the Pulitzer Prize (1945).

The archive of Robert Lowell (1917-1977) consists of the poet's manuscripts, galley proofs, and correspondence for the years 1970-1977. Notable correspondents include Elizabeth Bishop and Lowell's second wife, Elizabeth Hardwick.

The archive of Cid Corman (1924-2004) includes a large correspondence file of letters from many modern American poets, a representative collection of Corman's manuscripts, and the publications of Corman's Origin Press.

Poet, novelist, editor, actor, scenic designer, and musician Eugene Walter (1927-1998) is represented by manuscripts reflecting his various careers. These include his novel Love You Good; See You Later, the shooting script for Federico Fellini's Satyricon (which Walter translated), a memoir of Isak Dinesen based on conversations with the famous novelist, and materials relating to the European literary magazine Botteghe Oscure.

The complete archive of Anne Sexton (1928-1974) comprises two hundred eighty pages of unpublished poems, as well as manuscripts for her first published work (1960) through her last (1973). Also here are the poet's travel notebooks and journals; financial papers; photographs; scrapbooks; over twenty-five hundred letters to and from family members, literary agents, and fellow writers; personal memorabilia; volumes from the poet's library; and recordings and video tapes of Sexton reading and performing her work.

The archive of poet and photographer Gerard Malanga (b. 1943) includes three thousand letters, several hundred photographs, and hundreds of pages of working manuscripts.

The complete archive of Pulitzer Prize winner James Tate (b. 1943) contains his poetry, prose and miscellaneous writings, as well as a large correspondence collection.

Americans in Paris, 1920-1939

Over one hundred letters from Gertrude Stein (1874-1946) to Georges Hugnet (1906-1974) reveal the deterioration of their close friendship, which resulted in Stein's book Before the Flowers of Friendship Faded Friendship Faded. Additional correspondence of Stein and Alice B. Toklas (18771967) is housed at the Center along with personal effects, such as a waistcoat embroidered by Toklas for Stein and a portrait of Stein's pet poodle, Basket, by Pablo Picasso.

Over thirty manuscripts by Henry Miller (1891-1980) are housed at the Center, including Aller Retour New York, Nexus, Quiet Days in Clichy, and his essay "Obscenity in Literature." Among Miller's correspondence are one hundred thirty-five letters (1936-1948) to the French astrologer Conrad Moricand, with whom Miller met weekly in Paris, and over three hundred letters (1942-1978) written to Emil White, Miller's friend and assistant. Several of Miller's watercolor paintings are in the Art Collection.

Harry (1898-1929) and Caresse Crosby (1892-1970) are represented by more than one hundred titles from their personal library, many annotated or with original poems by Harry written inside; a collection of their Black Sun Press imprints; a heavily corrected proof of Harry's Mad Queen; a volume of manuscript poems by Caresse; and correspondence.

The collection of Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) manuscripts consists of materials for sixty-two works including Death in the Afternoon, "Big Two Hearted River," and "The Snows of Kilimanjaro," and thirty-seven articles on the Spanish Civil War. Family correspondence, photographs of friends and family, and a coin collection (among other personal effects) complete the archive.

The Harlem Renaissance

The Center's book and manuscript holdings relating to the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s and 30s are substantial. Correspondence and manuscripts of poems by Langston Hughes may be found in several collections. In particular, the Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. archive contains considerable correspondence between Hughes and the Knopfs relating to the publication of his Weary Blues and other early books of poetry, as well as works of his final decade. The same archive includes correspondence about Nella Larsen's Passing and a large group of letters to the Knopfs from Carl Van Vechten (1880-1964), a friend and promoter of many Harlem writers, artists, and musicians. Examples of Van Vechten's strikingly stylish photographs of these personalities may be found in the Photography collection. The Fannie Hurst papers include correspondence between Hurst and her secretary, the novelist and anthropologist Zora Neale Hurston. Other Harlem Renaissance figures for whom smaller quantities of manuscript materials exist are Countee Cullen, James Weldon Johnson, Alain Locke, Claude McKay, Arna Bontemps, and Wallace Thurman.

Finally, the archive of British shipping heiress Nancy Cunard (1896-1965) contains important correspondence with the African-American and African writers of the 1930s who contributed to Cunard's seminal Negro: An Anthology (1934), as well as Cunard's own writings on the subject of race relations.

The Beats

A spiral notebook that Jack Kerouac (1922-1969) began in 1948 records his activities and thoughts during the time he was writing On the Road. Among the correspondence between central figures of the movement are five hundred pages of correspondence from Allen Ginsberg (1926-1997) to Kerouac, as well as letters of Paul and Jane Bowles, William S. Burroughs, Brother Antoninus (William Everson), Kenneth Patchen, Kenneth Rexroth, and Philip Whalen. Additional items in the collection include the first appearance of Ginsberg's Howl (1956), one of about fifty mimeographed copies made; the archive of Gregory Corso (1930-2001), including hundreds of poems, as well as Magic Marker sketches and crayon drawings; an incomplete manuscript of The First Third & Other Writings by Ginsberg and Neal Cassady (1925-1968); and notebooks of Peter Orlovsky (b. 1933). The Center's archive of the Kerouac biography, Jack's Book (1978), contains recorded interviews with both major and minor Beat poets.

Twentieth-Century Dramatists

The voluminous archive of John Luther Long (1861-1927) comprises correspondence, over one hundred typescripts of published and unpublished materials (including versions of Madame Butterfly), galley proofs, a diary, photographs, and correspondence with David Belasco.

Papers of London-born American playwright Charles Klein (1867-1915) include manuscripts for most of his works. Highly popular in his time, much of his work is now considered melodramatic.

The archive of Maxwell Anderson (1888-1959) includes published and unpublished manuscript materials for plays, poems, and essays, as well as over two thousand letters. Diaries, financial papers, family photographs, and personal memorabilia are collected along with books from the playwright's library.

Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953) is represented by selected scripts, correspondence, a family home movie, and research materials compiled by his biographers Arthur and Barbara Gelb.

The archive of Elmer Rice (1892-1967) includes manuscripts for sixty plays, the writer's business files, script library, correspondence files, and notebooks relating to his involvement in the American Civil Liberties Union.

A collection of works by playwright, screenwriter, and TV scriptwriter Harry Segall (1897-1975) spans his writing career from 1933-1959.

The sizable collection of the works of Lillian Hellman (1905-1984) includes numerous manuscript versions of her most successful plays, The Children's Hour, The Little Foxes, and Toys in the Attic, stage and screen adaptations of her own and others' works, correspondence with Dashiell Hammett, and Hellman's letters to John Melby from the years 1945-1978. The archive also includes diaries, business papers, contracts, numerous scrapbooks, and copies of FBI, CIA, and Department of Justice files on Hellman.

The archive of publisher and playwright Stanley Young (1906-1975) contains manuscripts for his plays and stories, as well as for articles written while he was a special correspondent during World War II. His correspondence files reflect his interests in writing, directing, and publishing. Books from the playwright's library are also available for study.

The extensive Tennessee Williams (1911-1983) archive includes manuscripts for one thousand works, including his early plays, Candles to the Sun and Not About Nightingales, and his most famous works—The Glass Menagerie, A Streetcar Named Desire, Summer and Smoke, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, and The Night of the Iguana—as well as screenplays, stories, essays, and poetry. A sizable correspondence archive includes nine hundred letters (1939-1956) exchanged between Williams and his literary agent Audrey Wood. Family papers, gathered by the author's mother Edwina Dakin Williams, include her diaries, family correspondence, and letters to Williams from writers, actors, and directors, as well as six hundred fifty photographs, scrapbooks, books from the author's library, and paintings by Williams.

Manuscript materials by William Inge (1913-1973) include several versions of his four most successful plays, including Come Back, Little Sheba. Important additional correspondence files may be found in the Audrey Wood Archive.

In the extensive Arthur Miller (1915-2005) archive are early sketches, notes, and draft versions for most of his plays, including Death of a Salesman, The Crucible, The View from the Bridge, After the Fall, and The Archbishop's Ceiling. Also present are essays about the craft of playwriting, thought to be the closest thing to a complete 'Poetics' yet written by an American playwright. Radio scripts, numerous versions of his "cinema novel" The Misfits, interviews, speeches, articles, correspondence files, and scrapbooks are here as well.

Playwright and producer Julian Beck (1925-1985) is represented by correspondence files relating to his and Judith Malina's work with The Living Theatre. Correspondents include Djuna Barnes, Eric Bentley, John Cage, Jean Cocteau, Jack Gelber, Anita Loos, Terry Southern, Maya Deren, and Thornton Wilder. Also present are autograph manuscripts and typescripts by Carol Berge, Paul Goodman, Frank O'Hara, and William Carlos Williams.

Dramatist Adrienne Kennedy's (b. 1931) papers include manuscripts and related materials for all of her plays, including her best known, Funnyhouse of a Negro, as well as for The Owl Answers, A Rat's Mass, An Evening with Dead Essex, Ohio State Murders, her memoir, People Who Led to My Plays, along with many unpublished and unproduced manuscripts. Kennedy's papers document her evolution from an aspiring writer to a successful playwright, with drafts of plays, short stories, memoirs, and novels, as well as film and television projects, and correspondence with Edward Albee, Gwendolyn Brooks, Elizabeth Hardwick, James Earl Jones, Elia Kazan, Harold Pinter, Jerome Robbins, Audrey Wood, and others.

The vast archive of Tony Award-winning playwright Terrence McNally (b. 1939) contains corrected typescripts of all of his plays, most notably Frankie and Johnny in the Claire de Lune; Lips Together, Teeth Apart; Kiss of the Spider Woman; and Master Class. Also contained in his archive are personal papers dating from 1959, a sizable correspondence, posters, books, photographs, playbills, and reviews, as well as sound and video recordings, awards, and other writings and unpublished manuscripts.

The Steve Martin (b. 1945) papers encompass manuscripts, drafts, and script versions of Depression, L.A. Story, My Blue Heaven, Roxanne, and Three Caballeros; a scrapbook from the U.S.S. Wisconsin Operation Desert Shield Tour; drafts of presentations and tributes; a cassette tape of Pennies From Heaven radio broadcast; and award certificates, publicity photographs, stationery, and clippings.

The archive of playwright, writer and film director David Mamet (b. 1947)—author of more than 50 plays and 25 screenplays that have earned him a Pulitzer Prize, Oscar nominations and a Tony Award—consists of more than 100 boxes of material covering Mamet's entire career. Included are manuscripts, journals, office and production files, correspondence and multiple drafts of each of Mamet's works, including the acclaimed plays American Buffalo and Glengarry Glen Ross and screenplays The Untouchables, The Spanish Prisoner and Wag the Dog. These materials record the writing and revision of all of his published texts, as well as several that are unpublished or were abandoned.

The papers of Lee Blessing (b. 1949) consist primarily of typescripts of plays, teleplays, and screenplays covering his entire career from his college years in the early 1970s to the present. His critically acclaimed play, A Walk in the Woods, is particularly well represented. Numerous screenplays, often in collaboration with his wife Jeanne Blake and others, are also present as are teleplays and episodes for television series such as Picket Fences and Homicide.

British & Irish Literature

The history of English letters at the Ransom Center begins with the Brudenell-Cardigan manuscript of The Canterbury Tales (ca. 1450) and with the Carl H. Pforzheimer copy of William Caxton's translation of Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye by Raoul Le Fevre (Bruges, ca. 1475), the first book printed in English. Among the eleven hundred volumes in the monumental Pforzheimer Library of Early English Literature (1475-1700), one of the most important collections of its kind, are early quarto editions of the plays of Shakespeare and rare volumes of Marlowe, Jonson, Spenser, Bacon, Donne, and Milton. The George Atherton Aitken Library is rich in the works of Congreve, Cumberland, Defoe, Dryden, Jonson, Pope, Pitcairn, Scott, Shirley, Steele, Spenser, and Swift. Strengths of the John Henry Wrenn Library include Behn, Thomas Brown, the Brownings, Dennis, Fielding, Garrick, Gay, Heywood, Hawthorne, the Rossettis, Ruskin, Stevenson, Swinburne, Tennyson, and Wither, as well as a sizable run of Kelmscott Press books. Rare-book dealer Ralph T. Howey's collection of eighteenth-and nineteenth-century books also contains rare volumes of British literature.

The Romantics

The work of William Blake (1757-1827) includes, among other items, a very rare volume of his earliest poetry, Poetical Sketches (1783), as well as his great printing achievement, Songs of Innocence (1789), one of eleven copies (Copy O) hand-colored by him. Five drawings by the poet can be found along with engraved work executed for commercial assignments.

The Coleridge Family Archive includes manuscript materials for over one hundred works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834), as well as the poet's diaries and letters. Coleridge family members represented in the archive include Mrs. Samuel Taylor Coleridge; their three children: Hartley, Derwent, and Sara; and their grandchildren. Volumes from the family library are also present.

Collections of poet Robert Southey (1774-1843) and essayist and critic Charles Lamb (1775-1834) include several manuscripts and a large group of letters, as well as commonplace books.

Manuscript materials by George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824) cover the poet's entire career— from his juvenile poems to the mature work of his later years. Correspondence with his mother Catherine Gordon Byron, his half-sister Augusta Byron Leigh, and his wife Annabella Milbanke are present, as well as letters dealing with Byron's search for his friend Percy Bysshe Shelley, lost at sea.

The Miriam Lutcher Stark Library is particularly strong in first and early printed editions of Byron, Shelley, and Leigh Hunt (1784-1859) and includes Hunt's collection of locks of hair of the Romantic Poets and other notable figures of the time.

William Wordsworth (1770-1850), Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), and John Keats (1795-1821) are represented by smaller selections of manuscript materials and light correspondence.

The Victorians & Pre-Raphaelites

The significant manuscript holdings of George Borrow (1803-1881), a writer with a "gift of tongues"—he reputedly understood twelve languages by eighteen years of age—includes more than two hundred chapter files for his best-selling books on Gypsy life, Lavengro and Romany Rye.

Manuscripts of early poetry and essays by Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861) are maintained with correspondence of Robert Browning (1812-1889). Materials compiled by the Brownings' daughter-in-law, Fannie Barrett Browning, for a biography of Robert, are complemented by a collection of photographs and portraits.

Materials related to Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-1892) include nineteen manuscripts and several page proofs. Among a large collection of printed volumes are the two-volume set of Tennyson's Idylls of the King and Other Poems (1875) illustrated with original photographs by Julia Margaret Cameron.

More than thirty manuscripts by William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863) for poems, ballads, and stories are collected with seventy-one pen-and-ink and watercolor drawings by the author used to illustrate his books. First editions of all of Thackeray's works and books from his library may be found in the Metzdorf Thackeray Collection.

The selection of Charles Dickens (1812-1870) materials includes one hundred sixty-eight letters, a virtually complete collection of his published work, books from the author's library, and Dickens ephemera.

Prolific novelist and associate of Dickens, Wilkie Collins (1824-1889) is represented by manuscripts for Jezebel's Daughter, Miss Qwilt, Heart and Science, The Law and the Lady, The Bird Doctor, and numerous shorter works. The holdings are complemented by the correspondence and research materials for Dorothy Sayers's biography of Collins. Additional Collins materials can be found in the Robert Lee Wolff collection.

Scottish novelist Robert Michael Ballantyne (1825-1894), known for his adventure stories for boys, is represented by manuscripts, letters, diaries, family photographs, and notebooks, several of which contain watercolor and pen-and-ink sketches used to illustrate his own books.

A large correspondence file, several manuscripts, and seventeen drawings by Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882) are housed at the Center. Manuscripts by his brother William Michael Rossetti (1829-1919) and his sister Christina Rossetti (1830-1894) are also available, along with a copy of John Ruskin's (1819-1900) pamphlet Pre-Raphaelitism (1851), the first treatise written in support of the movement. Volumes from the Rossettis' library are also present. Over one hundred manuscripts by Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837-1909), mostly of poetry published in Poems and Ballads (1866), are present along with complete sets of the Pre-Raphaelite publications The Oxford and Cambridge Magazine and The Germ.

The work of Lewis Carroll (C. L. Dodgson, 1832-1898) is represented by his manuscripts of poetry, notes, and mathematical exercises, and a collection of photographs, including five personal albums, created by him. Printed materials include a copy of the exceptionally scarce, suppressed first edition of Alice in Wonderland (1865), three hundred copies of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (with translations into thirty-four languages), works based on Carroll's books, and a large collection of ephemera.

A notebook of sketches and poems by William Morris (1834-1896), printer and poet, are kept with a complete set of imprints of his Kelmscott Press, most notably a copy of the Kelmscott Chaucer on vellum, and several books from Morris's library.

Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844-1889) is represented by manuscripts for three poems, including "Spring," a number of letters, family photographs, and a collection of drawings of pastoral scenes, as well as page proofs for the first edition of Poems, edited by Robert Bridges.

The Robert Lee Wolff Collection of Nineteenth Century Fiction

This collection celebrates the popularity of the Victorian novel, comprising eighteen thousand volumes of Victorian fiction published in Britain between 1820 and 1910. The collection consists of "triple deckers" (novels in three volumes), issues in monthly parts, yellowback and other reprint editions, and magazine appearances. Although the Wolff Collection includes first editions of the major Victorian novelists, such as Dickens, Thackeray, and George Eliot, its strong suit is works of minor writers, particularly women. This vast collection makes it possible to trace themes in works by a variety of authors and may also be useful for students of publishing history, the marketing of literature, and trade bindings. Wolff's collection of manuscripts by women novelists supplements the books, and is especially strong in the printed and manuscript record of Mary Elizabeth Braddon (1837-1915).

Twentieth-Century Prose Writers

The Garnett Family Archive contains the papers of Richard Garnett (1835-1906), Keeper of Printed Books in the British Museum; his son, playwright Edward Garnett (1868-1937); translator Constance Garnett (1862-1946), wife of Edward; and their son, novelist David Garnett (1892-1981). The manuscripts and correspondence of this literary family, together with family papers, total more than ten thousand pages. Books from the library of David Garnett are also present.

Manuscripts by Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) relating to his novels Victory, Almayer's Folly, and Chance are accompanied by letters and photographs.

Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) is represented by manuscripts for several stories and poems, as well as letters. Among a large collection of published works is the earliest issue of Kipling's first book, Schoolboy Lyrics (1881).

A collection of manuscripts by A. E. W. Mason (1865-1948), best known for his novel The Four Feathers, includes more than one hundred works—novels, articles, broadcasts, plays, pantomimes, and biographies of Sir Francis Drake and Sir George Alexander.

Max Beerbohm (1872-1956) materials include manuscripts for essays, stories, and radio broadcasts, more than one hundred fifty drawings and frescos, and a large collection of letters. The Powys brothers, John Cowper (1872-1963), Theodore Francis (1875-1953), and Llewelyn (1884-1939), are represented by a sizable collection of manuscripts by each writer, sixteen hundred letters written inside the family, additional correspondence to writers and friends, the manuscripts and letters of their younger sister Philippa Powys (1886-?), photographic albums showing five generations of the Powys family, press cuttings, business papers, revised proofs and galleys, and personal memorabilia.

Henry Major Tomlinson (1873-1958), known for his novels of seafaring and adventure, is represented by manuscripts for two hundred ninety-nine works, and a sizable collection of letters, along with family correspondence, photos, and volumes from the author's personal library.

Representing the work of novelist and critic Forrest Reid (1876-1947), close friend of E. M. Forster, are manuscripts for five of his novels and his critical study of William Butler Yeats.

Among the seventy-nine original manuscripts by William Somerset Maugham (1874-1965) are stories collected in Cakes and Ale, or The Skeleton in the Cupboard, novels, plays, and articles, as well as a large number of letters and photographs. Books from Maugham's personal library are also here.

The manuscripts of A. E. Coppard (1878-1957) range from his first collection of fantastic stories, Adam and Eve and Pinch Me (1921), to his last, autobiographical work, It's Me, Oh Lord (1957). Numerous letters are present, as well as books from the author's library.

A master set of the final page proofs of Ulysses (1922) includes extensive corrections by James Joyce (1882-1941) and Sylvia Beach, among others. Additional manuscripts by Joyce include several poems and a typescript of the opening chapter of Finnegans Wake, which is an important link in the stemma of the work. Further resources for Joyce study can be found in the papers of Edouard Dujardin, J. O. Fourcade, Valery Larbaud, and Maurice Saillet, as well as within the five-hundred sixty-four-volume library Joyce formed in Trieste between 1904 and 1920. (See Bibliographies & Catalogs.) Manuscripts and correspondence relating to Ludmilla Savitzky's translation into French of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1924) are also present. The papers in the John Rodker (18941955) archive include unpublished letters from Joyce, copies of Rodker's essays on Joyce, rare editions of the second and third printings of Ulysses, and materials documenting Rodker's involvement in these publications. Over six hundred pieces of correspondence, memoranda, and legal briefs from the archive of lawyer Morris L. Ernst chronicle the U.S. censorship battle over Ulysses. The archive of Stuart Gilbert (1883-1969), a close friend and literary collaborator of James Joyce, includes his diary, notes, and journals along with drafts of critical works and translations, and many letters from Joyce, Eliot, and numerous French writers. From the 1920s until Joyce's death in 1941 Gilbert worked closely with the Irish novelist, and in his James Joyce's Ulysses (1930) helped explicate and inform readers about the landmark work. Gilbert quotes extensively from the novel because Ulysses was banned in both the United Kingdom and the United States. In 1957 the first volume of Joyce's letters, edited by Stuart Gilbert, was published. In addition to his activities as a literary scholar and student of James Joyce, Gilbert had a major career as a literary translator, rendering into English the works of Saint-Exupéry, Malraux, Camus, Sartre, Simenon, Cocteau, and others. The Stuart Gilbert papers embrace material created between 1900 and 1985, documenting Gilbert's literary career. The Ransom Center has a small but significant collection of Lucia Joyce (1907-1982) materials, including two of her diaries, a thirteen page typed manuscript called "The Real life of James Joyce," and about thirty letters to and from Lucia with various correspondents, including two letters she wrote as the amanuensis of her father, James Joyce. ( See also Italo Svevo in International Literature.)

Best known for his children's books, A. A. Milne (1882-1956) is represented by manuscripts for poems, short stories, essays, novels, and plays. Materials relating to The House at Pooh Corner and When We Were Very Young are complemented by three original drawings by E. H. Shepard.

The papers of Olivia Manning (1882-1965) include manuscripts for a number of works, including many draft versions of the novels in her Balkan trilogy, as well as large groups of letters to Francis King and from Ivy Compton-Burnett, which chronicle the friendships of her fellow novelists.

A collection of drafts, notes, and fragments of the memoirs of Brigit Patmore (1882-1965) reflect upon her close friendships with poet H.D. and other modernists, notably Richard Aldington. Manuscripts, journals, and letters written by her son, writer Derek Patmore, complement the collection.

An extensive collection of manuscripts by the prolific novelist, essayist, and historian Sir Compton Mackenzie (1883-1972) includes stories, essays, and novels, as well as working papers for his autobiography, diaries, and a vast correspondence with writers, stage and screen personalities, politicians, and members of the English nobility. Personal effects, such as his writing chair and pipe collection, have been acquired along with the writer's fifteen-thousand-volume library.

The large collection of manuscripts by D. H. Lawrence (1886-1930) includes multiple versions of numerous works such as Women in Love, The Rainbow, and Lady Chatterley's Lover. Additionally, there are books from the library of D. H. and Frieda Lawrence, as well as thirteen hundred letters, numerous photographs, and thirty-two drawings and paintings by the writer. Researchers will find manuscripts of novels, poems, short stories, plays, and other writings, correspondence, transcripts of court hearings, and miscellany that trace the writing career and personal life of Lawrence from 1904. Gems of the collection include a holograph of "Odour of Chrysanthemums" transcribed by Louise Burrows, as well as numerous versions of The Plumed Serpent: Quetzalcoatl and Mr. Noon. Page proofs and paste-ups of Body of God, a series of Lawrence poems published posthumously, are included.

The papers of diarist Una Troubridge (1887-1963), companion to Radclyffe Hall, include her diaries and numerous Hall manuscripts including three distinct manuscript versions of The Well of Loneliness. (See Gay Studies.)

Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923) is represented by manuscripts of her earliest work, published under the name Kathleen Beauchamp, as well as excerpts from her journals.

The work of Claude Houghton (Claude Oldfield, 1889-1961), whose suspense novels were much admired by Henry Miller, is represented by manuscripts for more than thirty novels, as well as poetry, journals, and correspondence.

Novelist, playwright, and essayist J. B. Priestley (1894-1984) is represented by fifty-one manuscripts, including those for his successful novel The Good Companions and his prize-winning play Dangerous Corner, as well as by a large correspondence file.

William Gerhardi's (1895-1977) manuscript for Futility (1922), based upon experiences as a child during the Russian Revolution, is here, along with God's Fifth Column: a Biography of the Age 1890-1940.

Among the four hundred manuscripts collected in the archive of Nancy Cunard (1896-1965) are her biographies of English writer Norman Douglas and Irish novelist George Moore, as well as her poetry, articles, reviews, travel scrapbooks, and photographs.

Manuscripts of C. S. Forester (1899-1966) include several Horatio Hornblower stories, as well as his novel The African Queen. Accompanying the author's letters are photograph albums and typescripts of the unpublished biography of Forester by his son John.

Manuscripts by Elizabeth Bowen (1899-1973) include drafts of five novels, two volumes of short stories entirely in the author's hand, essays, reviews, and letters. Books from Bowen's library are also here, alongside correspondence with her publisher, Knopf, Inc.

The archive of V. S. Pritchett (1900-1997) has manuscripts for numerous novels, stories, essays, lectures, and reviews, as well as correspondence.

The papers of James Hanley (1901-1985) contain manuscripts for his censored novel Boy (1932), Captain Bottell, Ebb and Flood, Stoker Bush, and other novels, short stories, and plays. Large numbers of letters to Tom Jones and John Lehmann, along with other correspondence, completes the archive.

Manuscripts for one hundred works by Evelyn Waugh (1903-1966) include drafts of Brideshead Revisited and nearly all of his other novels, non-fiction works, stories, plays, essays, reviews, and juvenilia. In addition, the archive has diaries, letters, personal memorabilia, and one hundred original works of art by Waugh (ranging from illustrations for his own books to cartoons, posters, cards, and other designs), along with four thousand volumes from the author's personal library. The manuscripts and correspondence of Waugh's brother, Alec Waugh (1898-1981), complement the collection.

In addition to manuscripts for his fiction (including detective novels written under the name Leo Bruce), travel books, and biographies, the extensive archive of Rupert Croft-Cooke (1903-1979) contains correspondence with John Betjeman, Hector Bolitho, Lord Alfred Douglas, and W. S. Maugham.

Diaries of Christopher Isherwood (19041986) and his mother Kathleen are here, along with his typescripts for Down There on a Visit and Kathleen and Frank. A related collection includes the voluminous correspondence file of writer Gerald Hamilton (1890-1970), prototype for "Mr. Norris" in Isherwood's Mr. Norris Changes Trains. Thirty of Hamilton's diaries (1940-1970; mostly in French), together with the manuscript for his autobiographical Mr. Norris and I, provide additional perspectives.

Autograph manuscripts and typescripts by Graham Greene (1904-1991) represent some one hundred ninety works, including novels, travel books, screenplays, short stories, articles, six dream diaries, and notebooks. Journals from the 1930s to the 1960s are complemented by a large collection of letters to his wife Vivien and his correspondence files (1950-1991) with his literary agent Gerald Pollinger. Holograph manuscripts are also available for several works including A Burnt-Out Case, Cheap in August, The Comedians, The Honorary Consul, and Our Man in Havana. Many of the novels are also present in screenplay form or edited for different editions. England Made Me, Travels with My Aunt, The Human Factor, and Our Man in Havana are particularly well represented. (A complete list of Greene's works present in the collection is available on the Website or in the reading room.)

Included in the large archive of the prolific novelist and short story writer H. E. Bates (1905-1974) are manuscripts for The Darling Buds of May and The Fallow Land.

The collection of C. P. Snow (1905-1980) spans the writer's career, with manuscripts for Snow's novels, stories, book reviews, lectures, radio plays, and essays—contained in dozens of notebooks— as well as his business papers and a correspondence file of several thousand letters. Books from the writer's personal library are also housed here.

T. H. White (James Asto, 1906-1964) is represented by one hundred eight manuscripts for novels, including The Once and Future King, short stories, articles, poems, broadcasts, and reviews. The author's journals, a large collection of letters (including two hundred twenty-nine to novelist David Garnett), and volumes from his personal library, as well as White's sketches, oil paintings, and illustrations, complete the archive.

Manuscripts for novels, stories, and plays comprise the papers of the Welsh novelist Richard Llewellyn (1906-1983).

The archive of R. C. Hutchinson (1907-1975) contains manuscripts for novels, short stories, plays, articles, book reviews, broadcasts, humorous sketches, verse, and correspondence dating from 1941-1974.

The original holograph manuscripts of Malcolm Lowry's (1909-1957) Under the Volcano (1947) is complemented by correspondence with his good friend Gerald Noxon and letters about Lowry from his widow, Marjorie, to Richard Costa.

Among materials written by William Cooper (Harry Summerfield Hoff, 1910-2002) are manuscripts for novels, stories, plays, and poems.

The Irish novelist, Flann O'Brien (Brian O Nuallain, 1911-1966), is represented by holograph manuscripts for his masterworks At Swim Two Birds, Faustus Kelly, and The Dalkey Archive.

The archive of Sybille Bedford (1911-2006) is strong in correspondence from Martha Gellhorn and between Bedford and her companion Eda Lord.

Representing novelist Penelope Fitzgerald (1916-2000) are materials relating to all of her novels and biographies, including research notes, manuscripts, correspondence, printed materials, contracts, and photographs. Much of the research correspondence is annotated with comments by Fitzgerald as to the significance of each item. Also present is a series of fifty-seven autograph notebooks containing research notes and drafts of work. Particularly well represented in the archive are notes and drafts for Fitzgerald's novels Offshore and Innocence and research materials and drafts for the joint biography of her father and uncles, the Knox brothers.

Materials relating to writer and painter Denton Welch (1915-1948) include manuscripts for his novel Maiden Voyage and numerous poems, as well as paintings and drawings.

The archive of Anthony Burgess (1917-1993) includes material for works such as Byrne, Chatsky, Christ and the Tiger, A Clockwork Orange, Cyrano, A Dead Man in Deptford, Little Wilson and Big God, A Long Trip to Teatime, A Meeting in Valladolid, Mouthful of Air, One Hand Clapping, and You've Had Your Time. Also present are music scores; reviews of books, plays, and music; articles; lectures; contracts; correspondence; and fan mail.

The Doris Lessing (b. 1919) archive contains manuscript material for published and unpublished novels, short stories, plays, screenplays, and nonfiction works, including The Good Terrorist, The Sirian Experiment, The Marriage between Zones Three, Four and Five; The White Princess; Canopus in Argos, Vol. IV; Memoirs of a Survivor; Briefing for a Descent into Hell; The Fifth Child; African Laughter; and Mara and Dann. Also included are lectures, correspondence regarding promotional tours, reviews, and essays.

Representing popular novelist James Barlow (1921-1973) are manuscripts for several novels, including his final unpublished work, Black Country, as well as notebooks recording his travels in Africa.

Materials from writer and actor Philip Callow (b. 1924) include typescript drafts and page proofs for recent works, together with correspondence from Callow's literary agent and English and American publishers on business matters, publicity, proofs, research, and illustrations.

All of Christine Brooke-Rose's (b. 1923) major works, including Textermination, are represented in some form. Many early versions of works are present, and these often reveal original titles. The archive contains original and carbon copy typescripts, holograph manuscripts, computer printouts, notebooks, correspondence, clippings, galley proofs, original and photocopy page proofs, offprints, documents, printed genealogies, publishing contracts, royalty statements, and family papers, ranging in date from 1893 to 1992.

The papers of John Fowles (1926-2005) consist largely of manuscripts, galleys, and page proofs of his works (both published and unpublished), plus accompanying clippings, contracts, correspondence, and research materials. There are also numerous articles, book reviews, dissertations and theses, and other works about Fowles and his work. The remainder of the collection includes a few personal papers and miscellaneous items, such as audio recordings, legal papers, nature observation journals, photographs, receipts, a royalty statement, and school reports. The Center also has his diaries.

Anita Brookner (b. 1928) holdings include working notebooks for her novels Latecomers, Lewis Percy, A Closed Eye, Fraud, and A Family Romance.

Penelope Lively's (b. 1933) virtually complete papers include manuscript notebooks; typescripts; and proofs for works, including novels, children's books, and short stories. Titles include: Stitch in Time, Lichfield, Judgement Day, Perfect Happiness, According to Mark, Moon Tiger, Going Home, The Driftway, The Whispering Knights, The Wild Hunt of Hagworthy, Boy Without a Name, My England, The Ship in the Glass, Perfect Happiness, The Revenge of Samuel Stokes, The Voyage of QV66, The Ghost of Thomas Kempe, Egypt, and Going Back, along with correspondence dating from 1969 to 1990.

The Irish Literary Renaissance

Among original items by novelist George Moore (1852-1933) are several manuscripts, including a play co-written with William Butler Yeats, page proofs for novels and autobiographical works, and numerous letters.

Among materials by William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) are manuscripts for more than fifty works and a collection of eight hundred forty-four letters, many written to artist and composer Edmund Dulac and to critic Thomas Sturge Moore.

Manuscript materials relating to poet A.E. (George Russell, 1867-1935) include his notebooks of color sketches, page proofs for his final collection of verse The House of the Titans, and correspondence.

Joseph Maunsell Hone (1882-1959), publisher of fine-press books by many poets and dramatists of the Irish Literary Renaissance, compiled biographies of Yeats and George Moore, as well as English artist Henry Tonks and others. Materials for these works are housed at the Center along with a transcript of Elizabeth Yeats's diary, an account of W. B. Yeats's philosophical and occult ideas, and remembrances of Yeats written by friends and family. Related items include Hone's three hundred-page unpublished manuscript memoir of Maud Gonne (1866-1953), ardent nationalist and a longtime friend of Yeats.

A series of BBC radio broadcasts on Irish writers (1949-1954) includes taped interviews of poets, novelists, and dramatists of the period as well as archival materials.

The Bloomsbury Group

Nearly eight thousand letters written to Lady Ottoline Morrell (1873-1938), patroness of this distinguished literary and artistic circle, are collected along with the manuscripts, photos, and drawings, which often accompanied them.

Manuscripts by novelist E. M. Forster (1879-1970) include several autograph versions of A Passage to India, as well as a collection of the writer's letters, a large portion of which were written to J. R. Ackerley and Malcolm Darling.

Materials by Lytton Strachey (1880-1932) include research notes and the original holograph manuscript for Queen Victoria, as well as the corrected typescript, proof copy, and a dedication copy of the book inscribed to Virginia Woolf. A large number of his letters are contained in the collection of his cousin Mary Hutchinson (1889-1977).

Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) is represented by typescripts for "Kew Gardens" and "Thoughts on Peace during an Air Raid," in addition to over five hundred letters. A near-complete collection of books published by Virginia and Leonard Woolf at the Hogarth Press is present along with one hundred thirty volumes from her library.

Letters between Gerald Brenan (1894-1987) and Dora Carrington chronicle their affair, as does a journal Brenan kept at that time. Manuscripts by Brenan include materials for eight novels or autobiographical works, many unpublished. Manuscripts and letters by his wife, American poet Gamel Woolsey, are also present.

In addition to the correspondence files of Mary Hutchinson, including hundreds of letters by Clive Bell (1881-1964), an extensive collection of letters by and to Dora Carrington (1893-1932) is also here.

The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939

A large collection of typescript articles written by Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) for the North American Newspaper Alliance during the Spanish Civil War date from 1937 and 1938. The novelist Prudencia De Pereda (b. 1912) and Hemingway met during the war and worked together on the commentary for the films Spain in Flames and The Spanish Earth, espousing the Loyalist Republican point of view. Their collaboration is documented in De Pereda's papers.

Complementing Hemingway's dispatches are those by Herbert Lionel Matthews (1900-1977), who covered the Spanish Civil War for the New York Times.

Nancy Cunard's archive contains responses to a series of questionnaires she sent out about the Spanish Civil War for a publication titled Authors Take Sides on the Spanish War.

Papers of the British writer, Christopher Caudwell (Christopher St. John Sprigg, 1907-1937), who joined the International Brigade in the Spanish Civil War and was killed in 1937, contain letters to and from his brother T. Stanhope Sprigg, obituary and memorial notices, clippings about the Brigade's activities, and a compilation book of Anarchist propaganda.

The Paul Patrick Rogers (1901-1989) collection, given to the Center in 1971, documents his trip to Spain as an observer during the Spanish Civil War through a diary, photographs, political cartoons, posters, and printed ephemera. These materials include a manuscript poem written and inscribed by Langston Hughes, given to Rogers in Spain.

Additionally, the Center holds a large collection of pamphlets and books (including examples of propaganda from both sides) relating to the war. (See also Art & Art History: Prints, Posters & Broadsides and History: Spanish.)

Twentieth-Century Poets

The unpublished diary of poet and activist George Cecil Ives (1867-1950), friend of Oscar Wilde and other literary figures, fills one hundred twenty-two volumes and includes Ives's forward-thinking ideas about prison reform and homosexuality.

Over one hundred manuscripts by poet and novelist Hilaire Belloc (1870-1953), mostly individual poems, are housed here with a large group of Belloc's letters to literary agent A.D. Peters.

The very large archive of poet laureate John Masefield (1878-1967) includes diaries, poetry notebooks, extensive draft versions of his poems, and correspondence with Lord David Cecil, Winston Churchill, Robert Graves, Muriel Spark, Thomas Hardy, and many others.

The Sitwell Family Archive includes the books, poems, articles, and stories of Edith (1887-1964), Osbert (1892-1969), and Sacheverell (1897-1988) Sitwell, most notably the folio notebooks and exercise books in which they wrote. The collection also includes extensive correspondence, personal family memorabilia, scrapbooks, and press cuttings, as well as six hundred volumes from Edith Sitwell's personal library, many annotated by her.

Among the seventy-one manuscripts and typescripts by Robert Graves (1895-1985) is the heavily corrected original manuscript of Count Belisarius.

The work of Louis MacNeice (1907-1963) is represented by five hundred twenty-seven manuscripts, mostly for individual poems, along with seventy-six scripts for radio and television.

A number of letters and poems of W. H. Auden (1907-1973) are collected with libretti written by the poet in collaboration with Chester Kallman (1921-1975). Also contained in the collection are Kallman's manuscripts of poetry and translations, and books from their jointly owned library.

The work of Stephen Spender (1909-1995) is represented by manuscripts for two hundred forty-five works, as well as diaries and notebooks of poetry and prose.

Among the collection of materials by novelist and poet Henry Treece (1912-1966) are manuscripts for thirty-two novels, over three hundred poems, and fourteen plays, as well as one thousand letters from many American poets.

The collection of two hundred thirty-nine manuscripts by Dylan Thomas (1914-1953) includes drafts of "Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night," Under Milkwood, and a portion of Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog, as well as poetry notebooks, pencil sketches, and cartoons.

John Heath-Stubbs (1918-2006) is represented by manuscripts for much of his early poetry his translations of Giacomo Leopardi, and correspondence with T. S. Eliot, Philip Larkin, Vernon Watkins, and other writers.

The virtually complete Charles Tomlinson (b. 1927) material consists of poetry workbooks filled with multiple drafts of individual poems and extensive correspondence files with writers such as Marianne Moore, George Oppen, Octavio Paz, Ted Hughes, and Louis Zukofsky.

The personal and professional papers of poet and novelist George Macbeth (1932-1992) cover primarily the years 1950-1991. Included are diaries, childhood manuscripts and school notebooks, BBC radio scripts, correspondence files, financial papers, and draft manuscripts for such published titles as The Colour of Blood, A War Quartet, The Orlando Poems, Poems from Oby, and My Scotland: Fragments of a State of Mind.

The substantial archive of Peter Redgrove (b. 1932), representing his work in the 1950s and 60s, contains fifty-four large poetry notebooks and manuscripts for more than three hundred individual poems, often present in multiple drafts with heavy revision. Redgrove, a close friend of Ted Hughes's at Cambridge, was a member of a clique of poets called The Group which included Philip Hobsbaum (b. 1932) and Edward Lucie-Smith (b. 1933), both of whom are also represented here with manuscript collections, as is the aforementioned Group poet George Macbeth.

Manuscripts by Robert Nye (b. 1939) include poetry and prose and are augmented by much of the poet's correspondence. These materials provide detailed evidence of the creation and refinement of Nye's work in poetry, essays, short stories, libretti, plays, novels, and children's literature, as well as in his work on the poet Thomas Chatterton.

The Wartime Poets

Siegfried Sassoon (1886-1967) is represented by letters, manuscripts, diaries, and his earliest pamphlets of poetry. The comprehensive Wilfred Owen Collection of World War I Poetry honors Owen (1893-1918), much of whose family correspondence is collected here as well. Hundreds of manuscripts by poet, biographer, critic, and essayist Edmund C. Blunden (1896-1974), are accompanied by a large file of correspondence.

The poet Isaac Rosenberg (1890-1918) is represented by a small number of poetry drafts and some correspondence, as well as by copies of his rare print publications.

An extensive group of manuscripts, working papers, correspondence, and publications represent the Oxford Wartime Poets, a small group of poets writing during World War II, of which John Heath-Stubbs (1918-2006), John Drummond Allison (1921-1943), Sidney Keyes (1922-1943), and William Bell were all members.

Twentieth-Century Dramatists

Among materials by Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) are corrected page proofs for The Importance of Being Earnest, an original manuscript of Salome in French, and a heavily corrected typescript of A Good Woman, which became Lady Windermere's Fan. (See also Gay Studies.)

Manuscripts for Lady Bountiful, The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith, and twenty other plays by Arthur Wing Pinero (1855-1934) are here.

The George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) collection represents one of the most comprehensive groups of works by a single author at the Ransom Center. Manuscripts for four hundred nineteen works, in shorthand and longhand, include Pygmalion, Major Barbara, Saint Joan, and Man and Superman, as well as numerous stories and essays. Revised rehearsal copies of plays are included, along with directors' prompt copies, set sketches, photographs, financial records, books from Shaw's personal library, and a vast accumulation of ephemera such as programs and press cuttings. Shaw's correspondence comprises four thousand letters to performers, publishers, politicians, friends, and the general public, and covers the years 1875 to his death. Several original photos by Shaw are also here, reflecting his work as a practitioner and critic of the photography medium.

The collection of manuscripts by Brinsley MacNamara (A. E. Weldon, 1890-1963), novelist and playwright, comprises two hundred fifty-five works and is housed here with his large correspondence file.

The work of Irish dramatist Paul Vincent Carroll (1900-1968) is represented by manuscript materials for twenty-five plays.

The papers of Irish novelist and playwright Sebastian Barry (b. 1955) fill nineteen document cases. Drafts of his published and unpublished works, including those for his award-winning play The Steward of Christendom (1995), are complemented by illustrations, personal and business correspondence, photographs, and clippings.

Samuel Beckett (1906-1989) is represented by manuscripts for more than thirty-five works, four hundred letters, and a comprehensive collection of printed books including presentation copies, pamphlets, and periodicals with Beckett's contributions, as well as a collection of ephemera and programs for performances of his plays. Except for a small but significant group of letters and manuscripts in the Carlton Lake Collection (see French Literature), the majority of the Ransom Center's Beckett archive is part of the T. E. Hanley Library. This vast collection incorporates manuscripts of every major work by Samuel Beckett, with Murphy, Watt, Molloy, Malone Dies, The Unnameable, Waiting for Godot, Endgame, Krapp's Last Tape, Play, Mercier and Camier, and How It Is among them. Many of these works are present in both their English and French versions. The archive also includes a comprehensive collection of first editions of all Beckett's works, as well as a large number of critical and biographical editions. The Center houses most of the major correspondences, including those of childhood friend Mary Manning Howe and her mother, Susan Manning, as well as George Reavey, Con Leventhal, Jack MacGowran, Nancy Cunard, Mary Hutchinson, and Kay Boyle. A number of photographs of Beckett can be found in the Carlton Lake Photography Collection. Other collections containing Beckett materials are: Nancy Cunard, Ronald Frederick, Henry Duncan, John Fletcher, Joseph Maunsell Hone, Mary Hutchinson, Hugh Kenner, A. J. Leventhal, New Departures, and George Reavey.

Materials by Ronald Duncan (1914-1982) include manuscripts for plays, stories, and poetry, as well as correspondence.

The papers of British author, composer, and lyricist Sandy Wilson (b. 1924) include his produced and unproduced plays—mostly musicals but also plays for stage and TV—as well as drafts of his published and unpublished works including an autobiography, illustrated book, novels, articles, and short stories, along with correspondence, spanning a sixty-year period from 1930s to 1990s. His musicals, produced worldwide, especially his long-running play The Boy Friend (1952-1994), are well represented. Material related to productions of his plays includes scripts, scores, lyrics, programs, reviews, production photographs, correspondence, and scrapbooks.

The collection of experimental playwright James Saunders (b. 1925) contains notebooks, playscripts, television and film scripts, miscellaneous notes, correspondence, articles, essays, theses, programs, and reviews. The material spans his career from the late 1960s through the early 1990s. His work and interest in fringe theater characterize the latter part of his career. The archive of poet and playwright Bernard Kops (b. 1926) includes manuscripts for Ezra, several versions of Dreams of Anne Frank, Playing Sinatra, and Sophie.

John Osborne's (1929-1994) work as a playwright, author, actor, producer, director, and contributor to numerous newspapers and periodicals is represented in this collection, which consists of holograph manuscripts and notebooks, typescripts, page and galley proofs, correspondence, newspaper and magazine articles, scrapbooks, posters, programs, and business documents. The material spans five decades beginning in the mid-1950s just prior to his important play, Look Back in Anger (1956).

The extensive and meticulously detailed archive of Arnold Wesker (b. 1932) makes possible a comprehensive study of every aspect of his lifetime of creative endeavor. The Center has corrected manuscripts of all of his thirty-seven plays (from preliminary notes, through multiple drafts, and performances), as well as his short fiction, nonfiction, and autobiography. Complementing his written works are myriad related materials (1925-2001): posters, photographs, email diskettes, as well as voluminous personal and business correspondence. Wesker's involvement in many important twentieth-century political, social, and artistic movements can be copiously tracked, especially surrounding the foundation of Centre/Roundhouse Theatre, and the plays Roots and The Kitchen.

The papers of British writer and playwright Simon Gray (b. 1936) fill over 180 boxes. Gray is the author of over 30 plays, including his best-known work, Butley, as well as screenplays, television plays, novels, and memoirs.

The Tom Stoppard (b. 1937) papers consist of nearly all of his major plays, such as Arcadia, Jumpers, The Real Inspector Hound, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, and Travesties; his screenplays for Shakespeare in Love and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead among others; along with teleplays, radio plays, and many of his lesser-known works and some that were never produced. The collection also contains theater programs, photographs, advertising material, clippings of articles and reviews, and correspondence, ranging in date from 1944to 1998.

David Hare (b. 1947) is represented by manuscripts, typescripts, notes, posters, and correspondence. Titles include Hare's trilogy, The Absence of War, Racing Demon, and Murmuring Judges, along with related material. Also present is material related to Slag, Teeth ‘n' Smiles, Knuckle, Licking Hitler, Plenty, The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, Temple Fortune, Skylight, Mother Courage and Her Children, and The Life of Galileo.

French Literature

The Carlton Lake Collection

Widely recognized as one of the finest research collections of modern French materials in the world, the Carlton Lake Collection is the cornerstone of the French holdings at the Ransom Center. The collection contains outstanding manuscripts, rare first editions, and de luxe edition books, as well as photography, artworks in various media, and original documents of all kinds relating to French literature and culture.

When Carlton Lake purchased his rare first edition of Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal (1857) in 1936, he also acquired that day an even rarer object: the corrected proof sheet of "Les Litanies de Satan" (undated) one of the longest poems in the book and one of the most celebrated for its subject matter. Nearly every line of the proof sheet, he discovered, contained corrections in Baudelaire's hand. A close comparative study with the published text revealed that the proof showed an earlier, otherwise unknown version of the poem. Moreover, the poem as corrected by Baudelaire, still showed certain substantial differences from the published poem.

Lake concentrated on collecting manuscripts by writers, artists, and musicians of the modern period, particularly working manuscripts with multiple drafts, which revealed the artists' creative thought processes. In addition, he sought out writers' and artists' correspondences, not only for the information they might give about the letter-writer's works and life, but also for the documentation they provide about a particular era. To the Baudelaire file, Lake added significant letters, as well as an autograph manuscript of "La Charogne" (undated), the poem that Rilke identified as the first "modern" poem.

A selected list of the Lake Collection's major holdings follows:

Pierre Albert-Birot (1876-1967): the complete archive for the avant-garde review SIC (1916-1919); contains maquettes, page proofs, tear sheets, manuscripts, correspondence, and other original materials relating to Albert-Birot's founding and editorship of the magazine.

Guillaume Apollinaire (1880-1918): manuscript of the prologue of Les Mamelles de Tirésias; letters, autograph notes, and other documents relating to the play and its production; manuscripts of works written for his column "La Vie anecdotique."

Louis Aragon (1897-1982): letters, manuscripts of poems and prose pieces, including a thirty-three-page typescript of Le Cahier noir, a long and searching "reflection on love" related to his novel, La Défense de l'infini.

Antonin Artaud (1895-1948): significant correspondences with his publisher and other friends reflecting his disintegration into mental illness.

Georges Bataille (1897-1962): manuscripts of two of his major works, L'Orestie and Dianus [Histoire de rats. (Journal de Dianus)].

Samuel Beckett (1906-1989): multiple drafts of "Ceiling" and "The Way" ("8") as well as manuscripts of some of Beckett's other later works; letters to Georges Belmont and Rick Cluchey, and information on the 1992 and 1993 publications of his Dream of Fair to Middling Women. (For more information on Beckett holdings, see also British & Irish Literature.)

André Breton (1896-1966): manuscripts relating to the Surrealist movement, including "13 études," "La Béauté sera convulsive ou ne sera pas," "Automatisme de la variante," and "Lumière Noire."

Albert Camus (1913-1960): manuscripts and letters, including manuscript of Le Malentendu and corrected page proofs of Les Justes, and manuscript of Discours de Suède, Camus's acceptance speech of the Nobel Prize.

Louis-Ferdinand Céline (1894-1961): the complete manuscript of Guignol's Band and its sequel, Le Pont de Londres, in combinations of autograph manuscript, typescript and corrected typescript with autograph additions, totaling four thousand twenty-two pages. Autograph manuscript of Scandale aux abysses and a moving correspondence with his friend Mourlet covering the war years and Céline's exile in Denmark round out the collection.

René Char (1907-1988): letters, including large correspondence with Valentine Hugo, intimate friend of most of the Surrealists; manuscripts of many of his major poems, including "Crésus" and "La Récolte injuriée."

Paul Claudel (1868-1955): manuscript of one of Claudel's essential works, Cinq grandes odes, which is eighty-eight pages. (Except for the first ode, the original manuscript of which has never been found, this manuscript is complete.)

Jean Cocteau (1889-1963): Cocteau's own archive covering approximately the period from the early 1900s to the mid 1930s and containing multiple drafts and publishing states of many of his major works (Vocabulaire, Le Coq et l'arlequin, Le Potomak, Le Cap de Bonne-Espérance, La Noce massacrée, Les Enfants terribles), notebooks with unpublished poems and plans for future works, and numerous correspondences with the leading figures of the era, including a large and witty exchange with Max Jacob; the archive is complemented by Cocteau's library and a collection of approximately three-hundred drawings.

Paul Eluard (1895-1952): manuscripts of numerous poems, some of them unpublished; a thirty-seven-page unpublished autograph manuscript of definitions prepared by Eluard and Breton for the Dictionnaire abrégé du surréalisme; letters, including a large, important correspondence with his lifelong friend from childhood, the binder A. J. Gonon.

Jean Genet (1910-1986): four heavily corrected draft versions of the play Haute Surveillance, sixty to one hundred pages each; complete manuscript of Genet's masterpiece, Notre-Dame-des-Fleurs, one hundred ninety-eight pages, with an additional thirty pieces of manuscript pinned to the numbered leaves.

André Gide (1869-1951): manuscript and corrected typescript of Isabelle; autograph manuscript in two notebooks of Le Journal des Faux-monnayeurs; manuscript of L'Ecole des femmes; important, unpublished correspondence with Eugène Rouart of over three-hundred letters and accompanying documents.

Georges Hugnet (1906-1974): the papers of this Surrealist artist and poet.

Valentine Hugo (1887-1968): a major portion of the archive of one of the most active figures of the French art and literary world.

Alfred Jarry (1873-1907): manuscripts for Léda, Le Mousse, Par la taille, Le Moutardier du pape, and La Papesse Jeanne; letters and documents relating to Ubu Roi, including a correspondence with Lugné-Poe in which Jarry proposes that Lugné-Poe produce the play.

Georges Jean-Aubry (1882-1950): a sizable portion of the papers of this versatile critic of art, music and literature.

Stéphane Mallarmé (1842-1898): autograph letters to Villiers de l'Isle-Adam, Huysmans, Coppée, Charles Morice, Edmund Gosse, John Payne, York Powell, Edouard Dujardin, Félix Fénéon, Courteline, Henri Cazalis, and Henry Roujon, among others, plus a draft of a letter to Rimbaud's mother Marie Catharine Rimbaud.

André Malraux (1901-1976): complete set of galley proofs for La Condition humaine, heavily corrected by Malraux and with autograph additions in his hand; complete autograph manuscript of L'Espoir.

Marcel Proust (1871-1922): autograph manuscript and proof fragments of A l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs (five large sheets of paste-ups) plus another proof fragment, heavily revised; letters, in particular an interesting collection of seventy-eight notes from Proust to his housekeeper Céleste Albaret.

Arthur Rimbaud (1854-1891): a collection of numerous documents relating to Rimbaud's life and poetry, many of them unpublished, including manuscripts, letters, drawings, corrected proofs, and similar materials by Rimbaud's sister, Isabelle; his brother-in-law, Paterne Berrichon, poet and artist; his teacher Georges Izambard, and other poets such as Paul Verlaine, Stéphane Mallarmé, and Paul Claudel.

Saint-John Perse (Alexis Saint-Léger Léger, 1887-1975): corrected page proofs of Eloges, the book that established Saint-John Perse as a major poet, typescript, with autograph emendations, of his Nobel Prize acceptance speech.

Henri-Pierre Roché (1879-1959): complete archive of the author of the novels Jules et Jim and Deux Anglaises et le continent, both of which were made into films by François Truffaut, including manuscripts of all of Roché's works, autograph manuscript diaries and notebooks kept by Roché over his lifetime, as well as transcriptions for most typed by Truffaut's secretaries, documents relating to Roché's interests in the art world, and voluminous correspondences with such contemporaries as Guillaume Apollinaire, Georges Auric, Constantin Brancusi, Georges Braque, Jean Cocteau, Marcel Duchamp, Marie Laurencin, Pablo Picasso, John Quinn, Albert Roussel, Gertrude Stein, Erik Satie, and Wols.

The Maurice Saillet Collection: Saillet's (1914-1990) important group of materials documenting Sylvia Beach's personal life, her Paris bookshop Shakespeare and Company, and her activities as the first publisher of James Joyce's Ulysses.

Jean-Paul Sarte (1905-1980): manuscripts for over a dozen of his works, most of them political in nature, including Joseph Lebon (synopsis for an unpublished play based on the French Revolution), Liberté - Egalité; (philosophical and historical study of the French Revolution), Questions de méthode, and the unpublished L'Enfant et les groupes.

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901): papers from the family archive, consisting of nearly four-hundred autograph letters by the artist, his mother, his grandmother, and other members of the immediate family, depicting the daily environment of a large and eccentric household constantly on the move from one family château to another, as well as the artistic development of the young Lautrec; the archive is complemented by a group of his childhood drawings.

Paul Valéry (1871-1945): manuscripts for numerous poems and prose pieces, including a sixteen-page autograph manuscript and typescript for a discourse on history; a large number of letters and correspondences, notably an outstanding group of personal letters to John Middleton Murry in which Valéry discusses his feelings about poetry in general, about his own work, and about other writers—among them Baudelaire, Poe, and Gide—who interested him in particular; and another significant group of letters to Georges Jean-Aubry.

Other French Materials

Pre-1700 Manuscripts

The Ransom Center has one hundred eighty-eight medieval and Renaissance manuscripts and about two dozen of them are French. Because of their magnificent illuminations, the best-known medieval manuscripts are the Book of Hours. Of the eleven Hours in the collection, all of them dating from the fifteenth century, seven came from France, which was a major center for the production of such books during that era. The most notable of these—the Belleville Hours—was made for the Belleville family, who, from the eleventh century until the French Revolution, owned large land states.

Among the collection's French historical documents is the mid-fifteenth-century manuscript, prominent in size as well as importance, of Book I of Jean Froissart's Chroniques. A fourteenth-century chronicler and poet, Froissart (ca. 1337-1410) documented the major Western European events between the years 1325 and 1400, including the Hundred Years War. The Ransom Center's Froissart manuscript had belonged at one time to the renowned American stage actor John Barrymore, who, reputedly, used it as a doorstop.

Eighteenth-Century Materials

The Desmond Flower Collection of Voltaire, assembled by the British collector over a period of about thirty years, is a first-rate collection of more than thirteen hundred fifty volumes of predominantly eighteenth-century works by and relating to François Marie Arouet de Voltaire (16941778). Dr. Flower limited his collection to editions published during Voltaire's lifetime and the collection was to serve as a basis for a much-needed definitive biography to replace Bengesco. Almost all of Voltaire's works are present here in first and early editions and many are amplified by surreptitious, concealed, and pirated printings, translations, and adaptations. As an example of the richness of the collection, there are thirteen 1759 editions of Candide and twenty-nine editions of La Pucelle d'Orléans, including one edition with variant manuscript readings and two others in contemporary manuscript versions. The collection also contains an important copy of the first edition of Fragments sur l'Inde et sur Général Lalli (1773) sent by Voltaire to Lally de Tollendal's son in which Lally de Tollendal fils made marginal notes and inserted thirty-six leaves of manuscript notes, a considerable amount of which Voltaire incorporated into later editions.

The Edward Alexander Parsons Library, assembled by the New Orleans-based attorney of French-English extraction, features a wealth of nineteenth-century material documenting the vibrant French culture that has been present in Louisiana from its inception as a territory.

In the years between 1745 and 1749 Jean Jacques Rousseau was employed by Louise Marie Madeline Dupin as a research assistant on her ambitious project to delineate in print the history of women. After years of labor by Rousseau and Madame Dupin her "Ouvrage sur les femmes" was shelved unfinished. The collection contains research notes, drafts, and fair copies written by Rousseau, with notes added by Madame Dupin.

Nineteenth-Century Materials

From Kaeo, Northland, New Zealand, Ivan Slater owned possibly the largest private collection of materials relating to Alexandre Dumas Père (1802-1870). The Ivan H. Slater Collection of Alexandre Dumas Papers spans the years 1918 to 1968 and includes holograph manuscripts, typescripts, and notebooks of translations of Dumas's works, bound volumes containing works by and about Dumas, as well as bibliographies, correspondence, photographs, and a scrapbook. Dumas, who began his career as a clerical worker, is best known for his novels Les Trois Mousquetaîres (1844) and Le Comte de Monte Cristo (1844). Although the only materials in the collection in Dumas's hand are a note and two manuscript fragments from Néron, all of Dumas' major works are represented in the Slater collection.

The Artine Artinian (1907-2005) collection of French literary manuscripts represents over thirty years of meticulous accumulation by the distinguished Maupassant scholar. The collection focuses on French writers of the latter half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with the largest segment devoted to Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893). Other writers represented in this collection include Honoré de Balzac, Gustave Flaubert, Anatole France, Marcel Proust, Rémy de Gourmont, Rachilde, George Sand, Paul Verlaine, and Émile Zola among others. Artwork and photographs belonging to the Artinian Collection may be accessed through those Ransom Center departments.

Commandant of the Cherche-Midi prison, where Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935) was first held, Ferdinand Forzinetti (1839-1909) always believed that Dreyfus was innocent of treason, and his collection contains a unique assortment of letters, documents and photographs recording the Affair. Correspondents of note include George Clemenceau, Alfred Dreyfus, Ferdinand Labori, Auguste Mercier, Georges Picquart, and Joseph Reinach.

Twentieth-Century Materials

Romanian aristocrat and author, Princess Bibesco's (1886-1973) collection is rich in correspondence with notable literary figures and artists, as well as heads of state, in addition to her personal and family papers. Authors she corresponded with include Paul Claudel, Jean Cocteau, Reynaldo Hahn, André Malraux, Paul Valéry, Max Jacob, Henri de Jouvenel, Anna de Noailles, and Anatole France, among others. Artwork and photographs belonging to the Bibesco Collection may be accessed through those Ransom Center departments.

Literary chameleon and editor of the Revue indépendente, the main publication of the Symbolist movement, Edouard Dujardin (1861-1949) is primarily known as the author of Les lauriers sont coupés (1887) and his innovative use of the interior monologue, which James Joyce credited as his inspiration for his own steam-of-consciousness technique. Housed in one hundred and twenty-one document boxes, the collection not only comprises complete manuscripts of Dujardin's literary endeavors, but also his voluminous correspondence with friends and acquaintances, such as: Guillaume Apollinaire, André Breton, Colette, Paul Dukas, Paul Éluard, Paul Fort, J.-K. Huysman, James Joyce, Pierre Louÿs, Stéphane Mallarmé, Paul Valéry, Richard Wagner, and Willy. Photographs belonging to the Dujardin collection may be accessed through the Ransom Center photography department.

The John Matthews Library of Surrealism includes many works and serials from outside Paris, which reveals the movement's far-reaching influence.

The important and influential French writer Raymond Queneau (1903-1976) is represented by the largest collection of his papers outside of Europe. Queneau is perhaps best known as the author of the novel Zazie dans le métro, which was made into a film by Louis Malle. Among the papers are drafts of his novels Le Chiendent, Les Enfants du limon, and the "Sally Mara" trilogy, On est toujours trop bon avec les femmes, Journal intime de Sally Mara, and Sally plus intime; a notebook of his thoughts while reading James Joyce's Ulysses; and extensive research materials and manuscripts reflecting his lifelong fascination with what he called "fous littéraires" or "literary crackpots," published posthumously as Aux confins des ténèbres.

International Literature

African

Manuscript materials for four novels by Nigerian writer Amos Tutuola (1920-1997), including his first, The Palm-Wine Drinkard, are joined by other manuscripts and correspondence (1952-1990) concerning Tutuola's work.

Archival materials relating to Bernth Lindfors's early critical studies includes interviews with Tutuola, Ezekiel Mphahlele, Chinua Achebe, and other African writers. Also present are the correspondence and manuscript files (1983-1987) of the journal Research in African Literatures.

In the 1960s and 70s, the Transcription Centre in London played a significant role in stimulating North American and European interest in African and Afro-Caribbean cultures and arts. The archive of the Transcription Centre (1960-1978) contains correspondence with African writers such as Nigerian novelist Wole Soyinka, as well as with African artists and scholars, together with broadcast scripts, photographs, and clippings.

Notable among the South African writers represented by manuscripts or correspondence are: Herman Charles Bosman (1905-1951), Roy Campbell (1901-1957), Jack Cope (1913-1991), Nadine Gordimer (b. 1923), Uys Krige (1910-1987), William Plomer (1903-1973) and Olive Schreiner (1855-1920).

Manuscripts by Doris Lessing (b. 1919) include those for novels, short stories, lectures, correspondence, reviews, and essays. (See also British & Irish Literature.)

A virtually complete collection of manuscripts, typescripts, and proof copies by Dan Jacobson (b. 1929), expatriate South African novelist, short story writer, and critic, covers the years 1952-1992. In particular, the evolution of his short stories can be traced.

Australian & New Zealand

The vast collection of C. Hartley Grattan (1902-1980) is one of the largest outside of the Pacific Rim. Within the collection are Australian literary publications from the eighteenth through twentieth centuries, including novels, poetry, and drama, as well as literary magazines dating from the 1920s. Grattan's correspondence with Australian writers such as Eleanor Dark, Miles Franklin, Nettie and Vance Palmer, and Katharine Susannah Prichard are also present.

In the collection of R. G. Howarth, editor of the Australian literary journal Southerly, is his library of over two thousand books and periodicals of Australian and New Zealand literature, along with manuscripts and correspondence of Joseph Furphy, Norman Lindsay, and Hugh McCrae.

In addition, one hundred eighty-two of Christina Stead's (1902-1983) letters to Stanley Burnshaw are here, as well as a collection of the manuscripts and correspondence of storyteller and radio broadcaster Iris Milutinovic (1910-1986).

Caribbean

Guiana-born novelist and poet Wilson Harris (b. 1921) is represented by early works, as well as manuscript and typescript material for Resurrection at Sorrow Hill and Jonestown. The archive also includes a twenty-year correspondence between Harris and Michael Thorpe.

German

The copies of the Latin and German editions of the 1493 Liber chronicarum ("Nuremberg Chronicle") of Hartmann Schedel (1440-1514) provide a contemporary history of the world since creation.

The Charles Parish Bohemica Collection contains early histories, mostly in German, dating from 1475 to the 1800s.

The library of Richard Alewyn, leading authority on German and European Baroque literature, is also housed at the Center.

Indian

The collection of R. K. Narayan (1906-2001) contains business and personal correspondence (1980s1994), typescripts and holograph fragments, interviews, newspaper and magazine clippings, royalty statements and business papers.

The collected papers of Anita Desai (b. 1937) contain holograph manuscripts and typescript drafts for all of her novels, from her first Cry, the Peacock (1963) to her most recent, Journey to Ithaca (1995), works for children, introductions and prefaces, reviews, essays, speeches, lectures, and correspondence.

Italian

A complete text of the Divina Commedia by Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), dated 1363, with annotations in various hands, makes an excellent source of textual comparison with the Center's first edition of the Commedia of 1472. A related item is an extensively annotated edition of Dante con l'espositioni di Christoforo Landino (Venetia, 1596), an early work of literary criticism by a celebrated scholar of the Renaissance.

A 1450 manuscript of the Sonetti of Franco Petrarca (1304-1374) is a beautiful example of Renaissance illumination.

Although written in Latin, the Opera of Lucius Lactantius, published by Sweynheym and Pannartz in 1465 at the monastery of Subiaco, is important to Italian scholarship as the first dated book published in Italy.

The nine hundred twenty-two volumes in The Aldine Collection represent the scholarly and innovative output of the printing press begun by Aldus Manutius (1449-1515) in Venice in 1494, and include works of philosophy, drama, and literature by most of the Greek, Latin, and early Italian writers. In all, the collection contains five hundred tweny-six titles, with multiple editions of some, and complete sets of several of the authors.

The Ranuzzi Manuscript Collection contains notable strengths in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Italian literature and drama.

The archive of multinational novelist Carlo Còccioli (b. 1920), who writes in the language of whatever country he is living in (mostly Italian, French, and Spanish), contains over twenty edited manuscripts reflecting five decades of literary activity from 1948-1989.

In the James Joyce Trieste Library are first editions of the novels of Italo Svevo (1861-1928), the Triestine author, whose La Coscienza di Zeno (1923) marked an important development in the modern psychological novel.

Within the Ezra Pound Library there are many first editions and presentation copies, with autograph dedications by Italian poets. The inscriptions in Pound's books are especially noteworthy.

A collection of modern manuscripts contains work by several important Italian writers such as Còccioli, a group of letters and manuscripts by writer and critic Benedetto Croce (1866-1952), the original manuscript for Carlo Levi's (1902-1975) novel Cristo si e' fermato a Eboli, several items by Luigi Pirandello (1867-1936), and the early poems and first novel of Paolo Volponi (1924-1994).

A collection of eighteen Futurism manifestos (seventeen in Italian, one in French) are by important Futurists—writers, artists, and musicians—including Marinetti.

Portuguese

The Center holds an extremely rare 1572 edition of Os Lusiadas, the Portuguese national epic, by Camões.

Russian

A group of papers from several Russian critics and artists such as Alexander Benois (1870-1960) and Serge Soudeikine (1882-1946) is present here, as well as correspondence and manuscripts collected by The University's Institute of Modern Russian Culture.

In addition, diaries and correspondence of poet Nikolai Punin (1888-1953) are present. First editions of printed works include Solzhenitsyn's One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich and Biely's St. Petersburg.

Spanish

The Ransom Center houses several substantial collections of Spanish-language items pertaining to the Americas. Among these is a collection of fourteen thousand comedias sueltas. Published singly and usually distributed unbound, comedias sueltas were full-length and one-act plays printed from the seventeenth century on. The bulk of this collection belongs to the period after 1833, and provides an admirable source for research in the history of Spanish theater and Spanish printing, as well as textual criticism. About two hundred seventeenth- through nineteenth-century romances de ciegos, based on ballads sung by troubadours and printed as broadsides, are included in the collection.

Manuscripts for seven works by Spanish novelist and essayist Pío Baroja (1872-1956) are present, as well as the correspondence, notes, and biographical materials representing the career of Spanish literary critic Ricardo Gullón (1908-1991) during the period 1954-1973.

Papers of famed Argentinean writer Jorge Luís Borges (1899-1986) are also here, and contain drafts of some of his earliest work, and stories printed on handbills that were plastered to Buenos Aires walls in the 1930s. Also present is a comprehensive collection of Borges's published work, complemented by correspondence, four notebooks in Borges' hand, a manuscript of an unpublished story, and a corrected typescript draft of the short story "Emma Zunz."

The Octavio Paz (1914-1998) papers contain manuscripts as well as typescripts of several of Paz's most important essays in the original Spanish.

Many modern Latin American writers are well-represented in the archive of the literary magazine El Corno Emplumado, published in Mexico City (1960-1968).

The archive of American critic Ronald Christ (b. 1936) contains published materials and ephemera relating to contemporary Hispanic arts and letters in Latin America, as well as Spain and the U.S. Works by Christ include The Narrow Act and interviews. Correspondence is with authors who were associated with Christ in his editorial capacity at Lumen, Inc., SITES, and as a translator.

For further study of Spanish-language materials at the University, visit the Benson Latin American Collection. (See also Latin American Studies.)

Genre Fiction

Mystery & Detective Fiction

The Ellery Queen Collection of Mystery and Detective Fiction, assembled by Frederick Dannay (1905-1982), co-author with Manfred B. Lee (1905-1971) under the pseudonym Ellery Queen, consists of works by the two cousins, as well as first editions of classic works of detective literature by Edgar Allan Poe, Arthur Conan Doyle, Mark Twain, and many others.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930) maintained a "true crime" reference library of court proceedings, police reports, and criminals' statements, which is now housed here, along with books and manuscripts reflecting his interest in spiritualism, and the manuscript of his "Scandal of Bohemia," one of the Sherlock Holmes tales.

Best remembered as the author of novels featuring the blind detective Max Carrados and the Chinese storyteller Kai Lung, Ernest Bramah (1868-1942) is represented by eleven of his working notebooks, and by more than one hundred manuscript works, including The Eyes of Max Carrados. Among his correspondence are letters from Hilaire Belloc, George Gissing, Jerome K. Jerome,

E. V. Lucas, George Moore, G. B. Shaw, and Israel Zangwill. The Dorothy L. Sayers (1893-1957) collection of research materials for a biography of Wilkie Collins (1824-1889) contains manuscripts and correspondence by both Sayers and Collins.

The Ransom Center holds a number of manuscripts by women detective and mystery writers, such as Ann Bridge (Lady Mary Dolling O'Malley, 1889-1974), Emma, Baroness von Orczy (18651947), and Anna Katherine Green Rohlfs (1846-1935). (See also Mary Elizabeth Braddon (1837-1915) in British & Irish Literature.)

The archive and library of Erle Stanley Gardner (1889-1970) includes manuscripts for hundreds of works by the creator of Perry Mason. The Gardner collection includes scripts for the Perry Mason radio show and for the later television series, documents from Gardner's "Court of Last Resort," dictation tapes, photos, numerous scrapbooks of news clippings, correspondence, and memorabilia from his office. (For information on the Erle Stanley Gardner Room, a recreation of his writing cabin, see Special Collections.)

The work of Dashiell Hammett (1894-1961) includes twenty-three corrected typescripts of stories and plays, as well as incomplete and unpublished works, and a corrected draft of The Thin Man. There are Hammett contracts and financial papers in the Knopf Publishing House records, as well as considerable correspondence. The Lillian Hellman Archive includes letters from Hammett (covering the years 1931-1958), his screenplay based on Hellman's play Watch on the Rhine, as well as contracts and financial papers related to his estate.

The work of Thomas Zigal (b. 1948) is represented by manuscripts for his Kurt Muller mystery novels, Into Thin Air and Hard Rock Stiff.

Science Fiction & Fantasy

Formed by specialist bookseller and editor L. W. Currey (b. 1942), the Ransom Center's Science Fiction and Fantasty Literature Collection numbers thirty-five thousand volumes, with emphasis on the early years of the genre, American and British interplanetary fiction (1827-1914), American utopian fiction (1888-1900), and author collections of major twentieth-century science fiction and fantasy writers from both countries.

The archive of L. Sprague (1907-2000) and Catherine Crook (1907-2000) de Camp contains manuscripts for twenty-five novels by L. S. de Camp, as well as correspondence, family records, research and business files, and hundreds of letters from major authors and editors of popular science and science fiction.

The papers of American writer John Crowley (b. 1942), whose fiction crosses genres—science fiction, fantasy, history, realism—include manuscripts for The Deep, Beasts, Engine Summer, and Little, Big.